Low memory note 5
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There follows oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenase to 5-HIAA, the indole acetic-acid derivative. The rate-limiting step is hydride transfer from serotonin to the flavin cofactor. Metabolism involves first oxidation by monoamine oxidase to the corresponding aldehyde. Serotonin is metabolized mainly to 5-HIAA, chiefly by the liver. Serotonin is also a growth factor for some types of cells, which may give it a role in wound healing. Additionally, it inhibits the release of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerves. In physiologic states, vasodilation occurs through the serotonin mediated release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells. The vasoconstrictive property is mostly seen in pathologic states affecting the endothelium – such as atherosclerosis or chronic hypertension. In high concentrations, serotonin acts as a vasoconstrictor by contracting endothelial smooth muscle directly or by potentiating the effects of other vasoconstrictors (e.g. When the platelets bind to a clot, they release serotonin, where it can serve as a vasoconstrictor or a vasodilator while regulating hemostasis and blood clotting. There, it is actively taken up by blood platelets, which store it. Serotonin secreted from the enterochromaffin cells eventually finds its way out of tissues into the blood. Several classes of antidepressants, such as the SSRIs and the SNRIs among others, interfere with the normal reabsorption of serotonin after it is done with the transmission of the signal, therefore augmenting the neurotransmitter levels in the synapses. Serotonin also has some cognitive functions, including memory and learning. These include the regulation of mood, appetite, and sleep. The remainder is synthesized in serotonergic neurons of the CNS, where it has various functions. The serotonin is secreted luminally and basolaterally, which leads to increased serotonin uptake by circulating platelets and activation after stimulation, which gives increased stimulation of myenteric neurons and gastrointestinal motility. About 8% is found in platelets and 1–2% in the CNS. Īpproximately 90% of the human body's total serotonin is located in the enterochromaffin cells in the GI tract, where it regulates intestinal movements. Additionally, serotonin is stored in blood platelets and is released during agitation and vasoconstriction, where it then acts as an agonist to other platelets. However, it is also produced in the central nervous system (CNS), specifically in the raphe nuclei located in the brainstem, Merkel cells located in the skin, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and taste receptor cells in the tongue. Serotonin is primarily found in the enteric nervous system located in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). īiochemically, the indoleamine molecule derives from the amino acid tryptophan, via the (rate-limiting) hydroxylation of the 5 position on the ring (forming the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan), and then decarboxylation to produce serotonin. Approximately 90% of the serotonin that the body produces is in the intestinal tract. Its biological function is complex and multifaceted, modulating mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction. Serotonin ( / ˌ s ɛr ə ˈ t oʊ n ɪ n, ˌ s ɪər ə-/ ) or 5-hydroxytryptamine ( 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.